Prescott’s Principles of Microbiology 2nd Edition Willey Test Bank
Additional ISBNs
126025903X, 1260805638, 1260973778, 9781260259032, 9781260805635, 9781260973778
Table of contents
“Chapter 1 The Evolution of Microorganisms and Microbiology
1.1 Members of the Microbial World
1.2 Microbes Have Evolved and Diversified for Billions of Years
1.3 Microbiology Advanced as New Tools for Studying Microbes Were Developed
1.4 Microbiology Encompasses Many Subdisciplines
Chapter 2 Microscopy
2.1 Lenses Create Images by Bending Light
2.2 There Are Several Types of Light Microscopes
2.3 Staining Helps to Visualize and Identify Microbes
2.4 Electron Microscopes Use Beams of Electrons to Create Highly Magnified Images
Chapter 3 Bacterial and Archaeal Cell Structure
3.1 Use of the Term “Prokaryote” Is Controversial
3.2 Bacteria and Archaea Are Diverse but Share Some Common Features
3.3 The Plasma Membrane Controls What Enters and Leaves the Cell
3.4 Cell Walls Have Many Functions
3.5 The Cell Envelope Often Includes Layers Outside the Cell Wall
3.6 The Cytoplasm Is More Complex than Once Thought
3.7 External Structures Are Used for Motility and Attachment
3.8 Cells Move in Response to Environmental Conditions
3.9 Bacterial Endospores Are a Survival Strategy
Chapter 4 Eukaryotic Cell Structure
4.1 Eukaryotic Cells Are Diverse but Share Some Common Features
4.2 Eukaryotic Cell Envelopes
4.3 The Eukaryotic Cytoplasm Contains a Cytoskeleton and Organelles
4.4 Several Organelles Function in the Secretory and Endocytic Pathways
4.5 The Nucleus and Ribosomes Are Involved in Genetic Control of the Cell
4.6 Mitochondria, Related Organelles, and Chloroplasts Are Involved in Energy Conservation
4.7 Many Eukaryotic Microbes Have External Structures Used for Motility
Chapter 5 Bacterial and Archaeal Growth
5.1 Most Bacteria and Archaea Reproduce by Binary Fission
5.2 Bacterial Cell Cycles Can Be Divided into Three Phases
5.3 Archaeal Cell Cycles Are Unique
5.4 Growth Curves Consist of Five Phases
5.5 Environmental Factors Affect Microbial Growth
5.6 Microbial Growth in Natural Environments
5.7 Laboratory Culture of Microbes Requires Conditions That Mimic the Normal Habitat of a Microbe
5.8 Microbial Population Size Can Be Measured Directly or Indirectly
5.9 Chemostats and Turbidostats Are Used for Continuous Culture of Microorganisms
5.10 Growing Microbes in Industrial Settings Presents Challenges
Chapter 6 Introduction to Metabolism
6.1 Metabolism: Important Principles
6.2 ATP: The Major Energy Currency of Cells
6.3 Redox Reactions: Reactions of Central Importance in Metabolism
6.4 Electron Transport Chains: Sets of Sequential Redox Reactions
6.5 Biochemical Pathways: Sets of Linked Chemical Reactions
6.6 Enzymes and Ribozymes Speed Up Cellular Chemical Reactions
6.7 Metabolism Must Be Regulated to Maintain Homeostasis
Chapter 7 Catabolism: Energy Release and Conservation
7.1 Metabolic Diversity and Nutritional Types
7.2 There Are Three Chemoorganotrophic Fueling Processes
7.3 Aerobic Respiration Can Be Divided into Three Steps
7.4 Glucose to Pyruvate: The First Step
7.5 Pyruvate to Carbon Dioxide (Step 2) Is Accomplished by the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
7.6 Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Step 3) Generate the Most ATP
7.7 Anaerobic Respiration Uses the Same Three Steps as Aerobic Respiration
7.8 Fermentation Does Not Involve an Electron Transport Chain
7.9 Catabolism of Organic Molecules Other Than Glucose
7.10 Chemolithotrophy: “Eating Rocks”
7.11 Flavin-Based Electron Bifurcation
7.12 Phototrophy
Chapter 8 Anabolism: The Use of Energy in Biosynthesis
8.1 Principles Governing Biosynthesis
8.2 Precursor Metabolites: Starting Molecules for Biosynthesis
8.3 CO2 Fixation: Reduction and Assimilation of CO2 Carbon
8.4 Synthesis of Carbohydrates
8.5 Synthesis of Amino Acids Consumes Many Precursor Metabolites
8.6 Synthesis of Purines, Pyrimidines, and Nucleotides
8.7 Lipid Synthesis
Chapter 9 Genome Replication
9.1 Experiments Using Bacteria and Viruses Demonstrated that DNA Is the Genetic Material
9.2 Nucleic Acid Structure
9.3 DNA Replication in Bacteria
9.4 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes and Archaea
Chapter 10 Gene Expression
10.1 Proteins Are Polymers of Amino Acids
10.2 Bacterial Genes Consist of Coding Regions and Other Sequences Important for Gene Function
10.3 Transcription in Bacteria
10.4 The Genetic Code Consists of Three-Letter “Words”
10.5 Translation in Bacteria
10.6 Protein Maturation and Secretion
10.7 Gene Expression in Eukaryotes and Archaea
Chapter 11 Regulation of Cellular Processes
11.1 Bacteria Use Many Regulatory Options
11.2 Regulation of Transcription Initiation Saves Considerable Energy and Materials
11.3 Attenuation and Riboswitches Stop Transcription Prematurely
11.4 Riboswitches and Small RNAs Control Translation
11.5 Mechanisms Used for Global Regulation
11.6 Bacteria Combine Several Regulatory Mechanisms to Control Complex Cellular Processes
11.7 Regulation of Cellular Processes in Eukaryotes and Archaea
Chapter 12 Mechanisms of Genetic Variation
12.1 Mutations: Heritable Changes in a Genome
12.2 Detection and Isolation of Mutants
12.3 DNA Repair Maintains Genome Stability
12.4 Microbes Use Mechanisms Other than Mutation to Create Genetic Variability
12.5 Transposable Elements Move Genes Within and Between DNA Molecules
12.6 Bacterial Conjugation Requires Cell-Cell Contact
12.7 Bacterial Transformation Is the Uptake of Free DNA from the Environment
12.8 Transduction Is Virus-Mediated DNA Transfer
12.9 Evolution in Action: The Development of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Chapter 13 Gram-Positive Bacteria
13.1 Class Actinobacteria
13.2 Class Bacilli: Aerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria
13.3 Class Clostridia: Anaerobic Endospore-Forming Bacteria
13.4 Class Negativicutes: Gram-Positive Bacteria with Outer Membranes
13.5 Firmicutes and Dental Disease
Chapter 14 Proteobacteria
14.1 Class Alphaproteobacteria Includes Many Oligotrophs
14.2 Class Betaproteobacteria Includes Chemoheterotrophs and Chemolithotrophs
14.3 Class Gammaproteobacteria Is the Largest Bacterial Class
14.4 Class Deltaproteobacteria Includes Chemoheterotrophic Anaerobes and Predators
14.5 Class Epsilonproteobacteria Ranges from Pathogens to Deep-Sea Bacteria
Chapter 15 Nonproteobacterial Gram-Negative Bacteria
15.1 Aquificae and Thermotogae Are Ancient Bacterial Lineages
15.2 Deinococcus-Thermus Includes Radiation-Resistant Bacteria
15.3 Class Mollicutes, Phylum Tenericutes: Bacteria That Lack Cell Walls
15.4 Photosynthetic Bacteria Are Diverse
15.5 Superphylum Planctomycetes-Verrucomicrobia-Chlamydiae: Atypical Cell Division
15.6 Phylum Spirochaetes: Bacteria with a Corkscrew Morphology
15.7 Phylum Bacteroidetes Includes Important Gut Microbiota
15.8 Phylum Fusobacteria: Commensal Anaerobes
Chapter 16 Archaea
16.1 Overview of Archaea
16.2 Proteoarchaeota, or TACK Superphylum
16.3 Phylum Euryarchaeota: Methanogens, Haloarchaea, and Others
Chapter 17 Eukaryotic Microbes
17.1 Protist Diversity Reflects Broad Phylogeny
17.2 Supergroup Excavata: Primitive Eukaryotes
17.3 Supergroup Amoebozoa Includes Protists with Pseudopodia
17.4 Supergroup SAR: Protists of Global Importance
17.5 Supergroup Archaeplastida Includes Green Algae
17.6 Fungal Biology Reflects Vast Diversity
17.7 Chytridiomycetes Produce Motile Spores
17.8 Zygomycetes: Fungi with Coenocytic Hyphae
17.9 Glomeromycota Are Mycorrhizal Symbionts
17.10 Ascomycota Includes Yeasts and Molds
17.11 Basidiomycota Includes Mushrooms and Plant Pathogens
17.12 Microsporidia Are Intracellular Parasites
Chapter 18 Viruses and Other Acellular Infectious Agents
18.1 Viruses Are Acellular
18.2 Virion Structure Is Defined by Capsid Symmetry and Presence or Absence of an Envelope
18.3 Viral Life Cycles Have Five Steps
18.4 There Are Several Types of Viral Infections
18.5 Cultivation and Enumeration of Viruses
18.6 Virus Phylogeny Is Difficult to Establish
18.7 Double-Stranded DNA Viruses Infect All Cell Types
18.8 Single-Stranded DNA Viruses Use a Double-Stranded Intermediate in Their Life Cycles
18.9 Double-Stranded RNA Viruses: RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Replicates the Genome and Synthesizes mRNA
18.10 Positive-Strand RNA Viruses: Genomes That Can Be Translated upon Entry
18.11 Negative-Strand RNA Viruses: RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Is Part of the Virion
18.12 Retroviruses: Positive-Strand Viruses That Use Reverse Transcriptase in Their Life Cycles
18.13 Reverse Transcribing DNA Viruses
18.14 Viroids and Satellites: Nucleic Acid-Based Subviral Agents
18.15 Prions Are Composed Only of Protein
Chapter 19 Microbial Interactions
19.1 Many Types of Microbial Interactions Exist
19.2 Mutualism and Cooperation Are Two-Way Interactions
19.3 Commensalism and Amensalism Are One-Way Interactions
19.4 Antagonistic Interactions Characterize Predation, Parasitism, and Competition
Chapter 20 Biogeochemical Cycling and Global Climate Change
20.1 Biogeochemical Cycling Sustains Life on Earth
20.2 Global Climate Change: Biogeochemical Cycling Out of Balance
Chapter 21 Microorganisms in Natural Ecosystems
21.1 Water Is the Largest Microbial Habitat
21.2 Microorganisms in Marine Ecosystems
21.3 Microorganisms in Freshwater Ecosystems
21.4 Soils Are an Important Microbial Habitat
21.5 Diverse Microorganisms Inhabit Soil
21.6 Microbe-Plant Interactions Can Be Positive, Negative, or Neutral
Chapter 22 Innate Host Resistance
22.1 Immunity Arises from Innate Resistance and Adaptive Defenses
22.2 Innate Resistance Starts with Barriers
22.3 Innate Resistance Relies on Chemical Mediators
22.4 Each Type of Innate Immune Cell Has a Specific Function
22.5 Secondary Lymphoid Tissues and Organs Connect Innate and Adaptive Immunity
22.6 Phagocytosis Destroys Invaders
22.7 Inflammation Unites All Components of Immunity
Chapter 23 Adaptive Immunity
23.1 Adaptive Immunity Relies on Recognition and Memory
23.2 Antigens Elicit Immunity
23.3 Adaptive Immunity Can Be Earned or Borrowed
23.4 Recognition of Foreignness Is Critical for a Strong Defense
23.5 T Cells Are Critical for Immune Function
23.6 B Cells Make Antibodies
23.7 Antibodies Bind Specific 3-D Antigens
23.8 Antibodies Doom Antigens
23.9 Immune Tolerance Is a Must
23.10 The Immune System Can Malfunction
Chapter 24 The Human Microbiome and Host Interactions
24.1 Humans Are Holobionts
24.2 The Microbiome Develops from Birth to Adulthood
24.3 A Functional Core Microbiome Is Required for Human Homeostasis
24.4 Many Diseases Are Linked to Dysbiosis
24.5 Microbiome Manipulation Can Be Therapeutic
Chapter 25 Infection and Pathogenicity
25.1 The Process of Infection
25.2 Transmission and Entry into the Host
25.3 Surviving the Host Defenses
25.4 Damage to the Host
Chapter 26 Epidemiology and Public Health Microbiology
26.1 Epidemiology Is an Evidence-Based Science
26.2 Epidemiology Is Rooted in Well-Tested Methods
26.3 Infectious Disease Is Revealed Through Patterns Within a Population
26.4 Infectious Diseases and Pathogens Are Emerging and Reemerging
26.5 Health-Care Facilities Harbor Infectious Agents
26.6 Coordinated Efforts Are Required to Prevent and Control Epidemics
26.7 Bioterrorism Readiness Is an Integral Component of Public Health Microbiology
Chapter 27 Control of Microorganisms in the Environment
27.1 Microbial Growth and Replication: Targets for Control
27.2 Physical Control Methods Isolate or Kill Microorganisms
27.3 Microorganisms Are Controlled with Chemical Agents
27.4 Antimicrobial Agents Must Be Evaluated for Effectiveness
27.5 Microorganisms Can Be Controlled by Biological Methods
Chapter 28 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
28.1 Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Evolved from Antisepsis Efforts
28.2 Antimicrobial Drugs Have Selective Toxicity
28.3 Antimicrobial Activity Can Be Measured by Specific Tests
28.4 Antibacterial Drugs
28.5 Antiviral Drugs
28.6 Antifungal Drugs
28.7 Antiprotozoan Drugs
28.8 Antimicrobial Drug Resistance Is a Public Health Threat
Chapter 29 Microbiology of Food
29.1 Microbial Growth Can Cause Food Spoilage
29.2 Various Methods Are Used to Control Food Spoilage
29.3 Food-Borne Disease Outbreaks
29.4 Detection of Food-Borne Pathogens Requires Government-Industry Cooperation
29.5 Microbiology of Fermented Foods: Beer, Cheese, and Much More
Chapter 30 Industrial and Environmental Microbiology
30.1 Microbes Are the Source of Many Products of Industrial Importance
30.2 Biofuel Production Is a Dynamic Field
30.3 Microbial Fuel Cells: Batteries Powered by Microbes
30.4 Agricultural Biotechnology Relies on a Plant Pathogen
30.5 Purification and Sanitary Analysis Ensure Safe Drinking Water
30.6 Wastewater Treatment Maintains Human and Environmental Health
30.7 Biodegradation and Bioremediation Harness Microbes to Clean the Environment
Chapter 31 Microbial DNA Technologies
31.1 Key Discoveries Led to the Development of DNA Cloning Technology
31.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplifies Targeted DNA
31.3 Genomic and Metagenomic Libraries: Cloning Genomes in Pieces
31.4 Expressing Foreign Genes in Host Cells
31.5 Cas9 Nuclease Is a Precise Tool for Genome Editing
31.6 Biotechnology Develops Custom Microbes for Industrial Use
Chapter 32 Microbial Genomics
32.1 DNA Sequencing Methods
32.2 Genome Sequencing
32.3 Metagenomics Provides Access to Uncultured Microbes
32.4 Bioinformatics: What Does the Sequence Mean?
32.5 Functional Genomics Links Genes to Phenotype
32.6 Systems Biology: Making and Testing Complex Predictions
Chapter 33 Methods in Microbial Biology
33.1 Microbial Biology Relies on Cultures
33.2 Microbial Identification Is Largely Based on Molecular Characterization
33.3 Assessing Microbial Diversity
33.4 Assessing Microbial Community Activity
Chapter 34 Clinical Microbiology and Immunology
34.1 The Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Detects Infectious Agents and Protects Its Workers
34.2 Identification of Microorganisms from Specimens
34.3 Immune Responses Can Be Exploited to Detect Infections”
